IPAC2017 - Classification: 08 Applications of Accelerators, Technology Transfer and Industrial Relations / U01 Medical Applications

Paper	Title	Page
MOPVA145	Improvements on CNAO Accelerator for Ocular Treatments	1194
	L. Falbo, E. Bressi, C. Priano CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy
	Ocular melanoma has been successfully treated worldwide since many years using proton beams. CNAO is the only Italian hadrontherapy facility able to treat tumours with both proton and carbon ion high-energy scanning beams accelerated by a synchrotron; the machine was commissioned in 2011 and more than 1000 patients have been treated so far. With respect to the othercases, , ocular melanoma treatment needed important changes both under the medical physics and machine physics points of view. The main goal of this work is to describe the changes in the machine set up to increase the proton current by a factor of 5, this task representing a sort of recommissioning of the synchrotron.
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MOPVA146	Optimization of Carbon Treatments at CNAO	1197
	L. Falbo, E. Bressi, C. Priano CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy
	CNAO facility is treating patients with carbon ion beams since 2012. Often carbon ions are used to treat tumors with great volumes that causes long time irradiations: this represents a complaint for the patient, a limit in the number of treatable patients per day and an increase in the cost of the treatment itself. An effort has been done in the last year to increase the particle intensity in order to reduce the irradiation time for the carbon treatments: this article illustrates the changes in the machine done to achieve this goal.
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MOPVA147	High Energy Transport Line Orbit Correction at CNAO	1200
	L. Falbo, E. Bressi, C. Priano CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy
	CNAO is the only Italian facility for the cancer treatment with protons and carbon ions. Each treatment needs hundreds of energies in the range of the tumor and needs a great precision in terms of beam position and divergence at the target. Goal of the article is to show the layout of the CNAO high energy lines and the strategy that has been used to optimize the transport and set the beam trajectory.
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THOAB1	Study of Medical Applications of Compact Laser-Compton Light Source	3656
	Y. Hwang, T. Tajima UCI, Irvine, California, USA G.G. Anderson, C.P.J. Barty, D.J. Gibson, R.A. Marsh LLNL, Livermore, California, USA
	Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Compton scattering of laser photons by a relativistic electron beam produces monoenergetic, tunable and small source size X-rays similar to synchrotron light sources in a very compact setting, due to the shorter undulator period of lasers. These X-ray sources can bring to every hospitals advanced radiology and radiotherapy that are currently only being conducted at synchrotron facilities. Few examples include phase contrast imaging utilizing the micron-scale source size, K-edge subtraction imaging from two monoenergetic X-rays at different energies and radiation therapy using radiosensitization of high-Z nanoparticles. At LLNL, 30 keV X-rays have been generated from the 30 MeV X-band linac, and the X-rays have been characterized and agree with the modeling very well. This source is being used to study the feasibility of aforementioned medical applications. Experimental setup of K-edge subtraction of contrast agents are presented, demonstrating the low-dose, high-contrast imaging potential of the light source. Plans to study enhanced radiotherapy using Gold nanoparticles with the upgrade of the machine to higher energies are discussed.
	Slides THOAB1 [2.818 MB]
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THPIK073	Development of RFQ for BNCT Accelerator	4260
	J. Bahng Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea B.H. Choi IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea B.H. Choi, D.S. Kim DAWONSYS, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea E.-S. Kim Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong, Republic of Korea
	A accelerator for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) based on proton linac has been developed as a domestic project. The accelerator system consists of duo plasmatron as an ion source, low energy beam transport (LEBT), radio frequency quarupole (RFQ) accelerator, drift tube linac (DTL). In order to achieve beam power of 50 kW, the required beam intensity and energy are 50 mA and 10 MeV, respectively. Since high duty rate provides high efficient medical treatment, the design of the cw RFQ has been investigated to accelerate proton beam from 50 keV to 3 MeV with beam intensity of 60 mA. In this paper, beam dynamics and design of the RFQ are presented in detail.
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THPVA056	Study of Influence of Dipole and Quadrupole Power Ripple on Slow Extraction for XiPAF	4569
	Q. Zhang, G.R. Li, Z.Y. Lin, X.W. Wang, H.J. Yao, S.X. Zheng TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China X. Guan Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	The 3rd resonant slow extraction and RF-Knockout technology has been adopted for XiPAF, which was designed for proton therapy and single event effects. The separatrix of stable region will fluctuate in the process of slow extraction due to power ripple, hence influence the uniform of extracted beam and the extraction efficiency. The influence of dipole and quadrupole power ripple is studied in theory and simulated by a MPI parallel multi-particle program, a method of making beam less sensitive to power ripple is discussed and verified by simulation.
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THPVA074	Upgrade Study of the MedAustron Ion Beam Center	4619
	A. De Franco, T.T. Böhlen, F. Farinon, G. Kowarik, M. Kronberger, C. Kurfürst, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
	Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk'odowska-Curie grant agreement No 675265. MedAustron is a synchrotron-based ion beam therapy center allowing the treatment of tumours with protons and other light ion species, in particular C⁶⁺. Commissioning of the first irradiation room for clinical therapy with proton beams has been completed and in parallel to the commissioning of the remaining two irradiation rooms, a facility upgrade study has started. Our analysis includes considerations for the possibility to introduce different extraction mechanisms, new diagnostic tools, optimization of the accelerator cycle time, ripples mitigation for more accurate active beam stabilization and other improvements for hardware reliability. We present the concept, the main benefits, also in terms of treatment time reduction, and the challenges for implementation. Each option will be investigated including a detailed assessment on resources demand, impact and risk analysis.
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THPVA075	Beam Measurements in the MedAustron Synchrotron With Slow Extraction and Off-Momentum Operation	4623
	C. Kurfürst, A. De Franco, F. Farinon, M. Kronberger, S. Myalski, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria A. Garonna TERA, Novara, Italy T.K.D. Kulenkampff CERN, Geneva, Switzerland L.C. Penescu Abstract Landscapes, Montpellier, France
	The MedAustron Ion Therapy Center is a medical accelerator facility for hadron therapy cancer treatment using protons and carbon ions. The facility features 4 irradiation rooms, three of which are dedicated to clinical operation and a fourth one dedicated to non-clinical research. The latter was handed over to researchers in autumn 2016. A 7 MeV/n injector feeds a 77 m circumference synchrotron which provides beams for treatment and research. Routine verification measurements in the synchrotron involve beam emittance, dispersion as well as tunes and chromaticity. The horizontal and vertical emittance are measured using scraping plates and a direct current transformer. The dispersion function in the ring is determined by sweeping the synchrotron RF frequency while measuring the beam position in the shoe-box pick-ups. The horizontal and vertical betatron tune and chromaticity are measured with Direct Diode Detection electronics, developed at CERN, while changing the beam position with the RF radial loop. The beam is kept off-momentum, thus in dispersive regions the closed orbit is largely offset from the central orbit. Methods for beam measurements in the synchrotron are presented.
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THPVA076	Overview and Status of the MedAustron Ion Therapy Center Accelerator	4627
	M.T.F. Pivi, A. De Franco, F. Farinon, M. Kronberger, C. Kurfürst, S. Myalski, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria T.K.D. Kulenkampff CERN, Geneva, Switzerland L.C. Penescu Abstract Landscapes, Montpellier, France
	The synchrotron-based MedAustron accelerator in Wiener Neustadt, Austria, has seen the first clinical beam and has been certified as a medical accelerator in December 2016. This represented a major milestone for the facility whose original design originated more than a decade ago and construction started four years ago. The accelerator is designed to deliver clinical proton beams 60-253 MeV and carbon ions 120-400 MeV/u to three ion therapy irradiation rooms (IRs), including a room with a proton Gantry. Beams up to 800 MeV will be provided to a fourth room dedicated to non-clinical research. Presently, proton beams are delivered to the horizontal beam lines of three irradiation rooms. In parallel, commissioning of the accelerator with Carbon ions and the installation of the Gantry beam line are ongoing. At MedAustron, a third-order resonance extraction method is used to extract particles from the synchrotron in a slow controlled process over a spill time of 0.1-10 seconds to facilitate the measurement and control of the delivered radiation dose during clinical treatments. The main characteristics of the accelerator and the results obtained during the commissioning are presented.
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THPVA077	Turn-Key Beamlines for the 15 - 30 MeV Medical Cyclotron at VECC	4631
	C. Glarbo, M. Budde, F. Bødker, P.M. Hansen, M.N. Pedersen Danfysik A/S, Taastrup, Denmark
	Turn-key beamlines built by Danfysik are to be installed in 2017 at the medical cyclotron facility VECC in Kolkata, India. The beamlines will transport a 500 μA beam of 15 - 30 MeV protons to the target stations where they're used for the production of radioisotopes/radio-pharmaceuticals, and in research and development. A raster scanning system is used to generate an even dose distribution in a square or circular pattern. The beamline components, collimators, diagnostics, and helium cooled HAVAR separation foils protecting the beamlines and cyclotron from possible contamination from the targets are designed for the up to 15 kW beam power.
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THPVA078	The Beam Quality Assurance of the MedAustron Particle Therapy Accelerator	4634
	L.C. Penescu Abstract Landscapes, Montpellier, France A. De Franco, F. Farinon, M. Kronberger, C. Kurfürst, S. Myalski, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria T.K.D. Kulenkampff CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The delivery of clinical beams for patient treatment at the MedAustron Ion Therapy Center requires extensive accelerator performance verifications, which are performed in several steps. In first instance, the key parameters of the beam delivered to the irradiation rooms (beam position, spot size, energy and intensity) are verified via measurements performed with beam diagnostic devices distributed along the accelerator. The second verification step consists in testing the full functionality of the therapy accelerator, including the medical frontend: scanning magnets performance, intensity monitoring and safety features. The final verification step is the quality assurance (QA) done by the medical department. An extended set of reference measurements assures the fast identification of the faulty components in case of a performance deviation, and the totality of the accumulated data allows in-depth analysis of the accelerator performance. We present here the trends and correlations observed during the first verification step for the most important parameters, as well as the lessons learned through all the implementation stages of the beam quality assurance.
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THPVA082	Multi-Energy Trial Operation of the HIT Medical Synchrotron: Accelerator Model and Data Supply	4644
	M. Galonska, E. Feldmeier, Th. Haberer, A. Peters, C. Schömers HIT, Heidelberg, Germany
	At the Heidelberg ion beam therapy center (HIT) cancer patients are treated with the raster-scanning dose delivery method of heavy ion pencil beams. The beams are provided by a synchrotron which allows for a variation of the ion penetration depth by changing the ion beam energy for each synchrotron cycle. In order to change the beam energy within one synchrotron cycle the accelerator model and data supply model within the control system have been extended extensively. In this first data supply model beam re-acceleration or deceleration between two arbitrary extraction energies is defined. The model defines an additional transition phase, i.e. current/set value patterns between extraction and the re-acceleration yet giving the possibility of setting the beam properties suitable for further acceleration/deceleration. This includes the dipoles, correctors, quadrupoles, sextupoles, KO-Exciter (spill break), and RF. This allowed for the survey and optimisation of the beam properties including possible beam losses of the re-accelerated, transversally blown up beam for arbitrary energy levels.
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THPVA083	First Tests of a Re-accelerated Beam at Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre (HIT)	4647
	C. Schömers, E. Feldmeier, M. Galonska, Th. Haberer, J.T. Horn, A. Peters HIT, Heidelberg, Germany
	In the active raster scanning method performed at HIT since 2009, tumors are irradiated slice-by-slice by changing the extraction energy. The synchrotron provides a library of 255 different extraction-energy levels per ion type, according to the aimed penetration depth. So far, a new synchrotron cycle is started for each iso-energy-slice resulting in a non-optimal duty cycle. In order to reduce treatment time and to increase the number of patients treated per day, synchrotron cycles with several extraction flattops on different energy levels are planned. After completing one iso-energy-slice, remaining particles will be reaccelerated to the adjacent level. As a first test a new data supply model generating patterns for power supplies and RF devices with two different extraction flattops has been implemented recently. The properties of the reaccelerated beam are now under detailed examination. The reaccelerated beam was successfully extracted and guided to the experimental area. Ionization chambers along the beam line clearly show two spills on two different extraction flattops. The desired change of beam energy has been verified by range measurements in a water column.
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THPVA087	Thermal and Mechanical Analysis of 3 GHz Side Coupled RF Cavity for Medical Linacs	4660
	M. Mohseni Kejani, F. Abbasi Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran S. Ahmadiannamin ILSF, Tehran, Iran F. Ghasemi NSTRI, Tehran, Iran S. Zarei Nuclear Science and Technology Research, InstituteRadiation Application School, Tehran, Iran
	Medical linear accelerators have wide applications for cancer treatment in the world. Side coupled RF cavities was used in this accelerators for production of X-ray in range of energies between 4 to 25 MeV. Usually, the RF source is magnetron with lower cost in comparison to klystron in this type of applications. Side coupled cavity is a biperiodic structure with sensitive performance to operational thermal and mechanical conditions. In this paper, thermal and mechanical simulations for a period of the structure are presented.
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THPVA088	DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BRAZED SIDE COUPLED CAVITY OF MEDICAL ACCELERATOR	4664
	S. Ahmadiannamin, Kh.S. Sarhadi ILSF, Tehran, Iran F. Abbasi, M. Mohseni Kejani Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran M. Bahrami, M. Lamehi IPM, Tehran, Iran F. Ghasemi NSTRI, Tehran, Iran S. Zarei Nuclear Science and Technology Research, InstituteRadiation Application School, Tehran, Iran
	Two types of standing wave RF cavities are used routinely in construction of medical linear accelerators. These two types are Side coupled and on-axis coupled standing wave cavities. This selection is based on higher shunt impedance and compactness in comparison to travelling wave RF cavities. In this paper, we present the simulation, construction and measurement results of brazed section of 3 GHz side coupled RF cavity. It is the first successful experience of its kind in Iran. The obtained experiences can be used effectively for construction of side coupled thermionic RF guns and RF cavities of medical or industrial linacs.
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THPVA090	The TOP-IMPLART Linac: Machine Status and Experimental Activity	4669
	C. Ronsivalle, A. Ampollini, G. Bazzano, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, V. Surrenti, E. Trinca, M. Vadrucci ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy
	Funding: Regione Lazio in the framework of the TOP-IMPLART Project The TOP-IMPLART (Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Linear Accelerator for Radiotherapy) linac is a 150 MeV pulsed proton linear accelerator for protontherapy applications under realization, installation and progressive commissioning at ENEA. It is the first linac running with 3GHz SCDTL (Side Coupled DTL) accelerating modules. These constitute the first two sections of the whole linac up to 71 MeV proton energy, while the accelerating structure of the following part of the accelerator is under definition. Each SCDTL section is powered by a 10 MW peak power klystron. The first section, consisting of 4 modules (7 to 35 MeV) has been completed and it is operational at low repetition rate (25 Hz). The second section, consisting of other 4 modules (up to 71 MeV), is currently under executive design. The output beam at each stage of the progressive commissioning is fully characterized. The beam is routinely employed in radiobiology experiments and detector evaluation. The paper presents the actual status of the machine, installation, beam characterization and an overview of the experimental activity results.
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THPVA091	Diagnostics Methods for the Medium Energy Proton Beam Extracted by the TOP IMPLART Linear Accelerator	4673
	M. Vadrucci, A. Ampollini, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle, E. Trinca ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy E. Cisbani, F. Ghio ISS, Rome, Italy M. Marinelli, G. Prestopino, G. Verona Rinati INFN - Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy C. Placido University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
	Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the Regione Lazio/Italy The Italian TOP IMPLART project aims to develop the first proton linear accelerator for cancer radiotherapy. A 150MeV proton LINAC is under construction at the ENEA Frascati research center: currently the machine is composed by a 7MeV injector operating at 425MHz and four 3GHz SCDTL modules producing a proton beam of 35MeV. Operational procedures for irradiation of samples need careful measurements of average beam current, transverse distribution and pulse charge by different monitor types placed along the beam line. The injected current in the high frequency segment of the accelerator is measured by a Fast Current Transformer (FCT) at the entrance of the SCDTL modules and the pulsed current of the accelerated beam is measured by a second FCT, placed in air, at the exit. The output proton beam shape and intensity are measured by an integral ionization chamber, a double (XY) multistrip ionization chamber, a synthetic single crystal diamond detector and a Faraday cup. In this work, the results of these multiple diagnostic tools applied to different operating conditions of the machine are presented.
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THPVA094	Permanent Halbach Magnet Proton and Superconducting Carbon Cancer Therapy Gantries	4679
	D. Trbojevic, S.J. Brooks, B. Parker, N. Tsoupas BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA W. Lou Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA
	Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy. Hadron cancer therapy facilities are expanding exponentially as advantages with respect to other radiation treatments are localized energy deposition at the tumor and reduction of side effects. The main problem of expansion is the high cost and large size of the facility. The largest cost is the delivery systems, especially isocentric gantries. We present first, the permanent Halbach gantry with significant reduction in cost and simplified operation as all treatment energies are transported from an accelerator to the patient through the same Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) structure. The superconducting FFAG gantry also transports at one setting all energies required for the cancer treatment of the patient with carbon ions.
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THPVA096	Development of 11C+ Ion Source for Reacceleration With HIMAC for Real-Time Observation of Dose Distribution	4686
	A. Noda, S. Hojo, K. Katagiri, K. Noda, T. Shirai, A. Sugiura, K. Suzuki, T. Wakui NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan M. Grieser MPI-K, Heidelberg, Germany M. Nakao RCNP, Osaka, Japan
	In order to improve the precision of dose distribution in a patient's body in the case of carbon therapy, realtime measurement of the dose distribution with the use of the so called OPEN PET is desirable. For realization of such a treatment, usage of isotope separator online scheme based on target fragment might be inevitable to keep the needed S/N ratio. From the above requirement, we have been developing 1+ ion source of positron emitting 11C+ ions, which will be charge breeded before injection into the injector LINAC of the HIMAC. 11C+ ion is to be produced by a high intensity proton beam from a cyclotron. In the real process, a small cyclotron like HM20 might provide the proton beam, but at the development stage, we are planning investigation utilizing proton beam from the AVF cyclotron existing at NIRS with K-number of 110. In the present paper, the total scheme of radioactive ion re-acceleration will be described together with the recent ion source development. K. Katagiri et al., Review of Scientific Instruments 87, 02B509 (2016)
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THPVA101	Scanning Irradiation System at SAGA-HIMAT	4698
	M. Kanazawa, M. Endo, T. Himukai, M. Kitamura, M. Mizota, A. Nakagawara, H. Sato, Y. Shioyama, T. Totoki, Y. Tsunashima SAGA HIMAT, Saga, Japan
	In SAGA-HIMAT, 620 patients have been treated by use of two irradiation rooms in 2015 financial year, where passive irradiation method is adopted. To increase treatment capacity of our facility, we have started the construction of the third treatment room at the beginning of 2014 with a scanning irradiation system. In the new treatment room (room C), there are horizontal and vertical irradiation courses. This construction was required to carry out without interruptions on the treatments in room A and room B. At the end of 2016 financial year, the system tests are almost scheduled to be ready for treatment. In this presentation, we will give obtained performances of our scanning system.
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THPVA103	Design of Injector for Carbon Cancer Therapy	4704
	A. Yamaguchi, K. Nakayama, K. Okaya, K. Sato, T. Takeuchi, J. Watanabe Toshiba, Yokohama, Japan N. Hayashizaki RLNR, Tokyo, Japan
	An Injector which consisted of a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) and Drift Tube Linacs (DTLs) were designed for carbon cancer therapy system. An extraction energy of RFQ was 0.6 MeV/u, an extraction energy of DTLs was 4 MeV/u, frequency is 200MHz. To apply a compact solid-state power amplifier system, we designed one high-Q RFQ and two high-Q DTLs which had a triplet Quadrupole magnet between DTLs.
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THPVA105	A Novel Side Coupling Standing-Wave Accelerating Structure for a Medical Linac	4710
	Zh. X. Tang, Z.H. Bai, Y.J. Pei USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
	A novel side coupling standing-wave (SW) accelerat-ing tube for low energy medical linac has been designed that operating frequency is 2998 MHz, operating mode is ', final energy is 6 MeV and beam current is 130 mA. A novel bridge hole between an accelerating cavity and coupling cavity has been utilized to reduce the mutual effect between two cavities and improve the anti-jamming capability and the long term stability. The inner end plate of the inlet of the first accelerating cavity in-cludes the nose cone to realize self-focusing in transverse to improve the beam quality. The simulation of the elec-tromagnetic field of structure and beam dynamic has been carried out with the SUPERFISH, CST Microwave studio and Parmela, respectively.
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THPVA109	Design and Fuild-Solid-Heat Coupling Analysis of an Electrostatic Deflector for Hust SCC250 Proton Therapy Facility	4713
	S. Hu, K. Fan, L.X.F. Li, Z.Y. Mei, Z.J. Zeng, L.G. Zhang HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
	The study of proton therapy equipment has earned more and more attention in recent years in China. A superconducting cyclotron based proton therapy facility is being developed for/at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). The proton beam is extracted by means of electrostatic deflectors followed by a series of magnetic channels. This paper introduces the design of an electrostatic deflector, including the structure optimization and the material selections. In order to minimize the risk of destruction caused by the proton beam loss, fluid-solid-heat coupling analysis for the deflector has been conducted by applying computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on ANSYS 16.0 software. The maximum temperatures of the septum in various cases of cooling water speed, septum thickness and material have been investigated respectively. The result based on thermal analysis will give us a valuable reference to choose a suitable configuration for the deflector.
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THPVA111	Central Region Design for a Superconducting Cyclotron in the HUST Proton Therapy Facility	4716
SUSPSIK116	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	Z.Y. Mei, K. Fan, S. Hu, L.X.F. Li, Z.J. Zeng, L.G. Zhang HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
	A 250 MeV isochronous superconducting cyclotron was adopted in the HUST proton therapy facility. Since the proton beam quality is often limited by the parameters of the central region, special care is given to the design and optimization of the central region to obtain a qualified proton beam using for treatment. An internal proton PIG source with constant arc current is adopted to meet the stability requirements of the beam. Furthermore, a puller followed by an adjustable slit and a fixed vertical collimator are installed to maintain a good centering and vertical focusing beam with maximum intensity. In order to meet the requirement of the intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT), a vertical kicker is used just followed the puller. The central region structure is optimized iteratively with the simulation results of the OPERA3D and the CYCLONE code. An optimum central region structure has been obtained with RF phase acceptance is around 24°. This paper presents the design parameters of the central region and the results of the proton beam simulation.
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THPVA112	Progress of the Beamline and Energy Selection System for HUST Proton Therapy Facility	4719
	B. Qin, Q.S. Chen, K. Fan, M. Fan, X.Y. Fang, D. Li, Z.K. Liang, K.F. Liu, X. Liu, P. Tan, J. Yang HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China W. Chen Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology,, Hubei, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Work supported by The National Key Research and Development Program of China, with grant No. 2016YFC0105305 HUST proton therapy facility is a 5 years National Key Research and Development Program of China. This facil-ity is based on an isochronous superconducting cyclotron with two gantry treatment-rooms and one fixed beamline treatment station. The status for physical and technical design of the beamline and Energy Selection System (ESS) will be introduced in this paper.
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THPVA120	Present Status of the SC202 Superconducting Cyclotron Project	4730
	G.A. Karamysheva, S. Gurskiy, O. Karamyshev, G. Kazakova, N.A. Morozov, D.V. Popov, E.V. Samsonov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, G.V. Trubnikov JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia Y.F. Bi, G. Chen, Y. Chen, K.Z. Ding, H. Feng, J. Li, Y. Song, Y.H. Xie, Q. Yang, J. Zheng ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China V. Malinin JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
	In 2015 the joint project with ASIPP (Hefei, China) on design and construction of superconducting proton cyclotron SC202 was started. Two copies of SC202 shall be produced, according to the Collaboration Agreement between JINR and ASIPP. One will be used for proton therapy in Hefei and the second one will be used to replace the Phasotron in the research and treatment program on proton therapy at JINR. Recent status of the SC202 superconducting cyclotron for hadron therapy design and manufacture is presented.
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THPVA121	Focusing and Bunching of Ion Beam in Axial Injection Channel of IPHC Cyclotron TR24	4733
	N.Yu. Kazarinov, I.A. Ivanenko JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia T. Adam, F.R. Osswald, E.K. Traykov IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
	The CYRCé cyclotron (CYclotron pour la ReCherche et l'Enseignement) is used at IPHC (Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien) for the production of radio-isotopes for diagnostics, medical treatments and fundamental research in radiobiology. The TR24 cyclotron produced and commercialized by ACSI (Canada) delivers a 16-25 MeV proton beam with intensity from few nA up to 500 mcA. The solenoidal focusing instead of existing quadrupole one is proposed in this report. The changing of the focusing elements will give the better beam matching with the acceptance of the spiral inflector of the cyclotron. The parameters of the focusing solenoid is found. Additionally, the main parameters of the bunching system are evaluated in the presence of the beam space charge. This system consists of the buncher installed in the axial injection beam line of the cyclotron. The using of the greedless multi harmonic buncher may increase the accelerated beam current and will give the opportunity to a new proton beam applications.
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THPVA123	Neutron Doses Due to Beam Losses in a Novel Concept of a Proton Therapy Gantry	4736
	V. Talanov, D.C. Kiselev, D. Meer, V. Rizzoglio, J.M. Schippers, M. Seidel, M. Wohlmuther PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	A novel design of a gantry for proton therapy is investigated in which a degrader and emittance limiting collimators are mounted on the gantry. Due to the interactions of protons in these components there will be an additional neutron dose at the location where a patient is positioned during a proton therapy. The results of numerical study of this additional dose are presented. Neutron prompt dose at the patient position is estimated through the Monte Carlo simulation using the MCNPX 2.7.0 particle transport code. Secondary neutron and photon fluxes from the distinct beam loss points are taken into consideration and the resulting dose is calculated using realistic estimates of beam losses. The dependence of the dose on the beam energy and individual impacts of each loss point on the total dose at the patient position as well as on critical beam line components are estimated and potential design constraints are discussed. It has been found that compared with a conventional gantry the expected additional dose is higher but the optimization of the beam line configuration and additional shielding shall help to reduce the dose to an acceptable value.
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THPVA124	Simulations and Measurements of Proton Beam Energy Spectrum After Energy Degradation	4740
	A. Gerbershagen, A. Adelmann, R. Dölling, D. Meer, V. Rizzoglio, J.M. Schippers PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	At the proton therapy facility PROSCAN of the Paul Scherrer Institute the energy modulation of the cyclotron generated proton beam is performed via material insertion into the beam trajectory. The energy spectrum of the particles propagating forwards after such procedure has been simulated and measured. The current paper summarizes the results of these simulations and measurements and illustrates their significance for the future developments of a gantry for proton therapy at the Paul Scherrer Institute.
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THPVA125	Status of Commissioning of Gantry 3 at the PSI PROSCAN Facility	4744
	A. Koschik, J.P. Duppich, M. Eichin, P. Fernandez Carmona, A. Gerbershagen, A.L. Lomax, D. Meer, S. Safai, J.M. Schippers, D.C. Weber PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
	Paul Scherrer Institute currently extends its PROSCAN facility with a third gantry treatment room - Gantry 3, which is realized in a research collaboration with Varian Medical Systems. The main research goals at the PROSCAN facility include further development of precise spot scanning and optimized beam delivery with low dead-time for treatment of moving targets. Consequently Gantry 3 is designed to feature advanced pencil beam scanning technology with a large scan field size of 30x40cm, integrated cone beam CT functionality and will in the future allow fast energy layer switching. The main challenge in realizing Gantry 3 is the integration of the Varian Gantry into the existing PROSCAN control system environment, allowing seamless beam operation. Installation of the additional treatment room has started in summer 2015 followed by the integration and technical commissioning phases of the Gantry in 2016, all during full operation of the existing treatment areas at our facility. We report about the special challenges and achieved performance results during commissioning of the Varian Gantry system in combination with the PSI PROSCAN facility.
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THPVA130	Modelling PET Radionuclides Production in Tissue and External Targets Using Geant4	4757
SUSPSIK117	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	A. Amin, R.J. Barlow IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom C.M. Hoehr, C. Lindsay TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada A. Infantino CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The Proton Therapy Facility in TRIUMF provides 74 MeV protons extracted from a 500 MeV H⁻ cyclotron for ocular melanoma treatments. During treatment, positron emitting radionuclides such as C-11, O-15 and N-13 are produced in patient tissue. Using PET scanners, the isotopic activity distribution can be measured for in-vivo range verification. A second cyclotron, the TR13, provides 13 MeV protons onto liquid targets for the production of PET radionuclides such as F-18, N-13 or Ga-68, for medical applications. The aim of this work was to validate Geant4 against FLUKA and experimental measurements for production of the above-mentioned isotopes using the two cyclotrons. The results show variable degrees of agreement. For proton therapy, the proton-range agreement was within 2 mm for C-11 activity, whereas N-13 disagreed. For liquid targets at the TR13 the average absolute deviation ratio between FLUKA and experiment was 1.9±2.8, whereas the average absolute deviation ratio between Geant4 and experiment was 0.6±0.4. This is due to the uncertainties present in experimentally determined reaction cross sections.
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THPVA131	Biological Effectiveness of Proton and Ion Beam Therapy: Studies Using G4-DNA	4761
	R.J. Barlow University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom P. Thongjerm IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
	We have used the Geant4-DNA program to investigate on a radiobiological level the interaction of various types of particles within cells, to identify relationships between irradiation and damage to DNA, leading to cell death. Although the physical attributes of particle therapy clearly hold a benefit over conventional radiotherapy, the biological effects hold uncertainties, and modelling the way particles interact with tissue on a cellular level can reduce these. The understanding of the energy deposition pattern along the particle track and consequent probabilities of producing DNA cluster breaks enables us to predict the effects of a particle beam on a microscopic level, which can aid treatment planning.
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THPVA132	A Study of Potential Accelerator Production of Radioisotopes for Both Diagnostics and Therapy	4765
	N. Ratcliffe, T.R. Edgecock University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
	There is currently much interest in accelerator based replacements for radioisotope production. The primary focus is the use of compact low energy (<30MeV) proton accelerators that can provide local on-site production of short lived isotopes and as a replacement for the current reactor production of important isotopes such as Ga-68. As part of a study into the viability of this production method this work undertakes a benchmarking study the GEANT4 code using the new low energy data-driven physics list QGSP_BIC_AllHP for the production of significant diagnostic and therapy isotopes such as F-18 and Ga-68. results from these simulations will be compared to experimental cross-sections and other codes to determine reliability before being used to further asses the activity producible using these reactions.
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THPVA133	HEATHER - HElium Ion Accelerator for RadioTHERapy	4768
	J. Taylor, T.R. Edgecock University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom S. Green University Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom C. Johnstone Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA
	A non-scaling fixed field alternating gradient (nsFFAG) accelerator is being designed for helium ion therapy. This facility will consist of 2 superconducting rings, treating with helium ions (He²⁺ ) and image with hydrogen ions (H + 2 ). Currently only carbon ions are used to treat cancer, yet there is an increasing interest in the use of lighter ions for therapy. Lighter ions have reduced dose tail beyond the tumour compared to carbon, caused by low Z secondary particles produced via inelastic nuclear reactions. An FFAG approach for helium therapy has never been previously considered. Having demonstrated isochronous acceleration from 0.5 MeV to 900 MeV, we now demonstrate the survival of a realistic beam across both stages.
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THPVA134	Coupled Longitudinal and Transverse Beam Dynamics Studies for Hadron Therapy Linacs	4772
	R. Apsimon, G. Burt, S. Pitman Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom A.F. Green, H.L. Owen UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
	Precise proton therapy planning can be assisted by augmenting conventional medical imaging techniques with proton computed tomography (pCT). For adults this requires an incident proton energy up to at least 330 MeV, an energy not readily accessible using cyclotrons. We are presently constructing a prototype of the ProBE 54 MV/m 3GHz post-cyclotron booster linac as a compact method to achieve 330 MeV in the context of the Christie Hospital proton therapy centre, to be tested in the research room there. In this paper, we present beam dynamics studies and tracking simulations of proton beams through the booster region. The longitudinal and transverse particle transmission is calculated from tracking simulations and compared to theoretical models to help understand how best to optimise the optics design through the ProBE region.
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THPVA135	ProBE: Proton Boosting Extension for Imaging and Therapy	4776
	S. Pitman, R. Apsimon, G. Burt Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom A.F. Green, H.L. Owen UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom A. Grudiev, A. Solodko, W. Wuensch CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	Funding: This work was funded by STFC The ProBE linac aims at accelerating protons from a particle therapy cyclotron to the c.330 MeV required for proton tomography. To obtain the c. 55 MV/m gradients required to achieve 100 MeV gain in a suitably short distance, we propose the use of a high-gradient S-band side-coupled standing-wave structure. In this paper we discuss the progress toward the testing of the prototype at the S-box facility at CERN.
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THPVA136	Non-Invasive Online Beam Monitor Using LHCb VELO	4780
	R. Schnuerer The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom C.P. Welsch, S.L. Yap, H.D. Zhang Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk'odowska-Curie grant agreement No 675265 Online beam monitoring is essential for ion beam therapy to assure effective delivery of the beam and maintain patient safety for cancer treatment. One candidate for such a monitoring device is the LHCb Vertex Locator (VELO) detector. It is a position sensitive silicon detector with an advantageous semi-circular design which enables approaching the core of the beam without interfering with it. In this contribution, tests using an infrared laser to calibrate the detector and obtain information about its dynamic range, spatial and time resolution will be discussed. Initial results from using the detector at the 60 MeV proton therapy beamline at the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre (CCC), UK are also presented.
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THPVA137	A Monte Carlo Approach to Imaging and Dose Simulations in Realistic Phantoms Using Compact X-Ray Source	4783
	E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis CERN, Geneva, Switzerland C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	X-ray emitters are amongst the most widely used tools in medicine. Based on compact electron beams, they are utilised for a range of applications, including medical imaging and cancer treatment. The optimisation of a specific X-ray source relies on detailed simulation studies into the achievable resolution and intensity distribution. Monte Carlo (MC) codes are widely used in the medical community for dose estimation to patients and the environment. They are also ideally suited for simulating 3D intensity distributions in realistic environments. This demands accurate and reliable physical models capable of handling all components of the expected radiation field. In this paper the capabilities of the FLUKA MC code to simulate complex X-ray sources are presented. Advanced phantoms, based on imported DICOM format, are used to evaluate the dose to relevant areas, including the patient, individual organs and the treatment room. It is also shown how they can provide a good basis to reproduce radiography images by scoring photon fluencies.
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THPVA138	Optimization of Medical Accelerators within the OMA Project	4787
	C.P. Welsch The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom C.P. Welsch Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
	Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement No 675265. Although significant progress has been made in the use of particle beams for cancer treatment, an extensive research and development program is still needed to maximize the healthcare benefits from these therapies. The Optimization of Medical Accelerators (OMA) is the aim of a new European Network. OMA joins universities, research centers and clinical facilities with industry partners to address the challenges in treatment facility design and optimization, numerical simulations for the development of advanced treatment schemes, and in beam imaging and treatment monitoring. This contribution gives an overview of the 15 R&D projects that are covered within the project and reports on initial results.
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THPVA139	Relative Insensitivity to Inhomogeneities on Very High Energy Electron Dose Distributions	4791
	A. Lagzda, R.M. Jones UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom D. Angal-Kalinin, J.K. Jones STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom K. Kirkby The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
	Funding: Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom Cockroft Institute, United Kingdom Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom We investigated the effects of heterogeneous regions on dose deposition of very high-energy electrons (VHEE) using both Geant4 simulations and experiments performed at the CALIFES facility at CERN. Small air and acetal plastic (bone equivalent) cavities were embedded in a water phantom and irradiated with a 197 MeV electron beam. Experimentally determined transverse dose profiles were acquired using radiation sensitive EBT3 Gafchromic films embedded in the water phantom at various depths. EBT3 Gafchromic films were found to be a suitable dosimeter for relative dose dosimetry of VHEE beams. Simulated and measured results were found to be consistent with each other and the largest discrepancy was found to be no more than 5%. Dose profiles of VHEE beams were found to be relatively insensitive to embedded high and low density geometries.
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THPVA140	Superconducting Gantry Design for Proton Tomography	4795
	E. Oponowicz, H.L. Owen UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
	Precise proton therapy planning can be assisted by augmenting conventional medical imaging techniques with proton computed tomography (pCT). For adults this requires an incident proton energy up to around 330 MeV, requiring superconducting magnets if an imaging gantry is to replace a conventional 230-250 MeV gantry in the same space. Here we present optics considerations for a superconducting gantry to deliver 330 MeV protons within the context of the future Christie Hospital proton therapy centre, where it is proposed to increase the proton energy in the future with a booster linac.
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FRXBA1	Compact and Efficient Accelerators for Radioisotope Production	4824
	C. Oliver CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
	The production in an efficient way of radioisotopes for medical use is crucial. With the closing in the next ten years of nuclear reactors the problem of the production of some of them is being critical. New approaches of producing these radioisotopes via accelerators are being developed. In the other hand a big effort is being made for making the accelerators for the production of radioisotopes more compact, efficient and with an optimized cost. This paper describes the recent advances in this kind of accelerator techniques.
	Slides FRXBA1 [2.797 MB]
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Paper

Title

Page

Improvements on CNAO Accelerator for Ocular Treatments

1194

L. Falbo, E. Bressi, C. Priano
CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy

Ocular melanoma has been successfully treated worldwide since many years using proton beams. CNAO is the only Italian hadrontherapy facility able to treat tumours with both proton and carbon ion high-energy scanning beams accelerated by a synchrotron; the machine was commissioned in 2011 and more than 1000 patients have been treated so far. With respect to the othercases, , ocular melanoma treatment needed important changes both under the medical physics and machine physics points of view. The main goal of this work is to describe the changes in the machine set up to increase the proton current by a factor of 5, this task representing a sort of recommissioning of the synchrotron.

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MOPVA146

Optimization of Carbon Treatments at CNAO

1197

L. Falbo, E. Bressi, C. Priano
CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy

CNAO facility is treating patients with carbon ion beams since 2012. Often carbon ions are used to treat tumors with great volumes that causes long time irradiations: this represents a complaint for the patient, a limit in the number of treatable patients per day and an increase in the cost of the treatment itself. An effort has been done in the last year to increase the particle intensity in order to reduce the irradiation time for the carbon treatments: this article illustrates the changes in the machine done to achieve this goal.

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MOPVA147

High Energy Transport Line Orbit Correction at CNAO

1200

L. Falbo, E. Bressi, C. Priano
CNAO Foundation, Milan, Italy

CNAO is the only Italian facility for the cancer treatment with protons and carbon ions. Each treatment needs hundreds of energies in the range of the tumor and needs a great precision in terms of beam position and divergence at the target. Goal of the article is to show the layout of the CNAO high energy lines and the strategy that has been used to optimize the transport and set the beam trajectory.

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THOAB1

Study of Medical Applications of Compact Laser-Compton Light Source

3656

Y. Hwang, T. Tajima
UCI, Irvine, California, USA
G.G. Anderson, C.P.J. Barty, D.J. Gibson, R.A. Marsh
LLNL, Livermore, California, USA

Funding: This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
Compton scattering of laser photons by a relativistic electron beam produces monoenergetic, tunable and small source size X-rays similar to synchrotron light sources in a very compact setting, due to the shorter undulator period of lasers. These X-ray sources can bring to every hospitals advanced radiology and radiotherapy that are currently only being conducted at synchrotron facilities. Few examples include phase contrast imaging utilizing the micron-scale source size, K-edge subtraction imaging from two monoenergetic X-rays at different energies and radiation therapy using radiosensitization of high-Z nanoparticles. At LLNL, 30 keV X-rays have been generated from the 30 MeV X-band linac, and the X-rays have been characterized and agree with the modeling very well. This source is being used to study the feasibility of aforementioned medical applications. Experimental setup of K-edge subtraction of contrast agents are presented, demonstrating the low-dose, high-contrast imaging potential of the light source. Plans to study enhanced radiotherapy using Gold nanoparticles with the upgrade of the machine to higher energies are discussed.

Slides THOAB1 [2.818 MB]

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THPIK073

Development of RFQ for BNCT Accelerator

4260

J. Bahng
Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
B.H. Choi
IBS, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
B.H. Choi, D.S. Kim
DAWONSYS, Ansan-si, Republic of Korea
E.-S. Kim
Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong, Republic of Korea

A accelerator for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) based on proton linac has been developed as a domestic project. The accelerator system consists of duo plasmatron as an ion source, low energy beam transport (LEBT), radio frequency quarupole (RFQ) accelerator, drift tube linac (DTL). In order to achieve beam power of 50 kW, the required beam intensity and energy are 50 mA and 10 MeV, respectively. Since high duty rate provides high efficient medical treatment, the design of the cw RFQ has been investigated to accelerate proton beam from 50 keV to 3 MeV with beam intensity of 60 mA. In this paper, beam dynamics and design of the RFQ are presented in detail.

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THPVA056

Study of Influence of Dipole and Quadrupole Power Ripple on Slow Extraction for XiPAF

4569

Q. Zhang, G.R. Li, Z.Y. Lin, X.W. Wang, H.J. Yao, S.X. Zheng
TUB, Beijing, People's Republic of China
X. Guan
Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China

The 3rd resonant slow extraction and RF-Knockout technology has been adopted for XiPAF, which was designed for proton therapy and single event effects. The separatrix of stable region will fluctuate in the process of slow extraction due to power ripple, hence influence the uniform of extracted beam and the extraction efficiency. The influence of dipole and quadrupole power ripple is studied in theory and simulated by a MPI parallel multi-particle program, a method of making beam less sensitive to power ripple is discussed and verified by simulation.

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THPVA074

Upgrade Study of the MedAustron Ion Beam Center

4619

A. De Franco, T.T. Böhlen, F. Farinon, G. Kowarik, M. Kronberger, C. Kurfürst, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk'odowska-Curie grant agreement No 675265.
MedAustron is a synchrotron-based ion beam therapy center allowing the treatment of tumours with protons and other light ion species, in particular C⁶⁺. Commissioning of the first irradiation room for clinical therapy with proton beams has been completed and in parallel to the commissioning of the remaining two irradiation rooms, a facility upgrade study has started. Our analysis includes considerations for the possibility to introduce different extraction mechanisms, new diagnostic tools, optimization of the accelerator cycle time, ripples mitigation for more accurate active beam stabilization and other improvements for hardware reliability. We present the concept, the main benefits, also in terms of treatment time reduction, and the challenges for implementation. Each option will be investigated including a detailed assessment on resources demand, impact and risk analysis.

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THPVA075

Beam Measurements in the MedAustron Synchrotron With Slow Extraction and Off-Momentum Operation

4623

C. Kurfürst, A. De Franco, F. Farinon, M. Kronberger, S. Myalski, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
A. Garonna
TERA, Novara, Italy
T.K.D. Kulenkampff
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
L.C. Penescu
Abstract Landscapes, Montpellier, France

The MedAustron Ion Therapy Center is a medical accelerator facility for hadron therapy cancer treatment using protons and carbon ions. The facility features 4 irradiation rooms, three of which are dedicated to clinical operation and a fourth one dedicated to non-clinical research. The latter was handed over to researchers in autumn 2016. A 7 MeV/n injector feeds a 77 m circumference synchrotron which provides beams for treatment and research. Routine verification measurements in the synchrotron involve beam emittance, dispersion as well as tunes and chromaticity. The horizontal and vertical emittance are measured using scraping plates and a direct current transformer. The dispersion function in the ring is determined by sweeping the synchrotron RF frequency while measuring the beam position in the shoe-box pick-ups. The horizontal and vertical betatron tune and chromaticity are measured with Direct Diode Detection electronics, developed at CERN, while changing the beam position with the RF radial loop. The beam is kept off-momentum, thus in dispersive regions the closed orbit is largely offset from the central orbit. Methods for beam measurements in the synchrotron are presented.

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THPVA076

Overview and Status of the MedAustron Ion Therapy Center Accelerator

4627

M.T.F. Pivi, A. De Franco, F. Farinon, M. Kronberger, C. Kurfürst, S. Myalski, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
T.K.D. Kulenkampff
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
L.C. Penescu
Abstract Landscapes, Montpellier, France

The synchrotron-based MedAustron accelerator in Wiener Neustadt, Austria, has seen the first clinical beam and has been certified as a medical accelerator in December 2016. This represented a major milestone for the facility whose original design originated more than a decade ago and construction started four years ago. The accelerator is designed to deliver clinical proton beams 60-253 MeV and carbon ions 120-400 MeV/u to three ion therapy irradiation rooms (IRs), including a room with a proton Gantry. Beams up to 800 MeV will be provided to a fourth room dedicated to non-clinical research. Presently, proton beams are delivered to the horizontal beam lines of three irradiation rooms. In parallel, commissioning of the accelerator with Carbon ions and the installation of the Gantry beam line are ongoing. At MedAustron, a third-order resonance extraction method is used to extract particles from the synchrotron in a slow controlled process over a spill time of 0.1-10 seconds to facilitate the measurement and control of the delivered radiation dose during clinical treatments. The main characteristics of the accelerator and the results obtained during the commissioning are presented.

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THPVA077

Turn-Key Beamlines for the 15 - 30 MeV Medical Cyclotron at VECC

4631

C. Glarbo, M. Budde, F. Bødker, P.M. Hansen, M.N. Pedersen
Danfysik A/S, Taastrup, Denmark

Turn-key beamlines built by Danfysik are to be installed in 2017 at the medical cyclotron facility VECC in Kolkata, India. The beamlines will transport a 500 μA beam of 15 - 30 MeV protons to the target stations where they're used for the production of radioisotopes/radio-pharmaceuticals, and in research and development. A raster scanning system is used to generate an even dose distribution in a square or circular pattern. The beamline components, collimators, diagnostics, and helium cooled HAVAR separation foils protecting the beamlines and cyclotron from possible contamination from the targets are designed for the up to 15 kW beam power.

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THPVA078

The Beam Quality Assurance of the MedAustron Particle Therapy Accelerator

4634

L.C. Penescu
Abstract Landscapes, Montpellier, France
A. De Franco, F. Farinon, M. Kronberger, C. Kurfürst, S. Myalski, S. Nowak, F. Osmić, M.T.F. Pivi, C. Schmitzer, P. Urschütz, A. Wastl
EBG MedAustron, Wr. Neustadt, Austria
T.K.D. Kulenkampff
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The delivery of clinical beams for patient treatment at the MedAustron Ion Therapy Center requires extensive accelerator performance verifications, which are performed in several steps. In first instance, the key parameters of the beam delivered to the irradiation rooms (beam position, spot size, energy and intensity) are verified via measurements performed with beam diagnostic devices distributed along the accelerator. The second verification step consists in testing the full functionality of the therapy accelerator, including the medical frontend: scanning magnets performance, intensity monitoring and safety features. The final verification step is the quality assurance (QA) done by the medical department. An extended set of reference measurements assures the fast identification of the faulty components in case of a performance deviation, and the totality of the accumulated data allows in-depth analysis of the accelerator performance. We present here the trends and correlations observed during the first verification step for the most important parameters, as well as the lessons learned through all the implementation stages of the beam quality assurance.

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THPVA082

Multi-Energy Trial Operation of the HIT Medical Synchrotron: Accelerator Model and Data Supply

4644

M. Galonska, E. Feldmeier, Th. Haberer, A. Peters, C. Schömers
HIT, Heidelberg, Germany

At the Heidelberg ion beam therapy center (HIT) cancer patients are treated with the raster-scanning dose delivery method of heavy ion pencil beams. The beams are provided by a synchrotron which allows for a variation of the ion penetration depth by changing the ion beam energy for each synchrotron cycle. In order to change the beam energy within one synchrotron cycle the accelerator model and data supply model within the control system have been extended extensively. In this first data supply model beam re-acceleration or deceleration between two arbitrary extraction energies is defined. The model defines an additional transition phase, i.e. current/set value patterns between extraction and the re-acceleration yet giving the possibility of setting the beam properties suitable for further acceleration/deceleration. This includes the dipoles, correctors, quadrupoles, sextupoles, KO-Exciter (spill break), and RF. This allowed for the survey and optimisation of the beam properties including possible beam losses of the re-accelerated, transversally blown up beam for arbitrary energy levels.

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THPVA083

First Tests of a Re-accelerated Beam at Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Centre (HIT)

4647

C. Schömers, E. Feldmeier, M. Galonska, Th. Haberer, J.T. Horn, A. Peters
HIT, Heidelberg, Germany

In the active raster scanning method performed at HIT since 2009, tumors are irradiated slice-by-slice by changing the extraction energy. The synchrotron provides a library of 255 different extraction-energy levels per ion type, according to the aimed penetration depth. So far, a new synchrotron cycle is started for each iso-energy-slice resulting in a non-optimal duty cycle. In order to reduce treatment time and to increase the number of patients treated per day, synchrotron cycles with several extraction flattops on different energy levels are planned. After completing one iso-energy-slice, remaining particles will be reaccelerated to the adjacent level. As a first test a new data supply model generating patterns for power supplies and RF devices with two different extraction flattops has been implemented recently. The properties of the reaccelerated beam are now under detailed examination. The reaccelerated beam was successfully extracted and guided to the experimental area. Ionization chambers along the beam line clearly show two spills on two different extraction flattops. The desired change of beam energy has been verified by range measurements in a water column.

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THPVA087

Thermal and Mechanical Analysis of 3 GHz Side Coupled RF Cavity for Medical Linacs

4660

M. Mohseni Kejani, F. Abbasi
Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
S. Ahmadiannamin
ILSF, Tehran, Iran
F. Ghasemi
NSTRI, Tehran, Iran
S. Zarei
Nuclear Science and Technology Research, InstituteRadiation Application School, Tehran, Iran

Medical linear accelerators have wide applications for cancer treatment in the world. Side coupled RF cavities was used in this accelerators for production of X-ray in range of energies between 4 to 25 MeV. Usually, the RF source is magnetron with lower cost in comparison to klystron in this type of applications. Side coupled cavity is a biperiodic structure with sensitive performance to operational thermal and mechanical conditions. In this paper, thermal and mechanical simulations for a period of the structure are presented.

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THPVA088

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BRAZED SIDE COUPLED CAVITY OF MEDICAL ACCELERATOR

4664

S. Ahmadiannamin, Kh.S. Sarhadi
ILSF, Tehran, Iran
F. Abbasi, M. Mohseni Kejani
Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
M. Bahrami, M. Lamehi
IPM, Tehran, Iran
F. Ghasemi
NSTRI, Tehran, Iran
S. Zarei
Nuclear Science and Technology Research, InstituteRadiation Application School, Tehran, Iran

Two types of standing wave RF cavities are used routinely in construction of medical linear accelerators. These two types are Side coupled and on-axis coupled standing wave cavities. This selection is based on higher shunt impedance and compactness in comparison to travelling wave RF cavities. In this paper, we present the simulation, construction and measurement results of brazed section of 3 GHz side coupled RF cavity. It is the first successful experience of its kind in Iran. The obtained experiences can be used effectively for construction of side coupled thermionic RF guns and RF cavities of medical or industrial linacs.

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THPVA090

The TOP-IMPLART Linac: Machine Status and Experimental Activity

4669

C. Ronsivalle, A. Ampollini, G. Bazzano, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, V. Surrenti, E. Trinca, M. Vadrucci
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy

Funding: Regione Lazio in the framework of the TOP-IMPLART Project
The TOP-IMPLART (Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy Linear Accelerator for Radiotherapy) linac is a 150 MeV pulsed proton linear accelerator for protontherapy applications under realization, installation and progressive commissioning at ENEA. It is the first linac running with 3GHz SCDTL (Side Coupled DTL) accelerating modules. These constitute the first two sections of the whole linac up to 71 MeV proton energy, while the accelerating structure of the following part of the accelerator is under definition. Each SCDTL section is powered by a 10 MW peak power klystron. The first section, consisting of 4 modules (7 to 35 MeV) has been completed and it is operational at low repetition rate (25 Hz). The second section, consisting of other 4 modules (up to 71 MeV), is currently under executive design. The output beam at each stage of the progressive commissioning is fully characterized. The beam is routinely employed in radiobiology experiments and detector evaluation. The paper presents the actual status of the machine, installation, beam characterization and an overview of the experimental activity results.

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THPVA091

Diagnostics Methods for the Medium Energy Proton Beam Extracted by the TOP IMPLART Linear Accelerator

4673

M. Vadrucci, A. Ampollini, P. Nenzi, L. Picardi, C. Ronsivalle, E. Trinca
ENEA C.R. Frascati, Frascati (Roma), Italy
E. Cisbani, F. Ghio
ISS, Rome, Italy
M. Marinelli, G. Prestopino, G. Verona Rinati
INFN - Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
C. Placido
University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy

Funding: This material is based upon work supported by the Regione Lazio/Italy
The Italian TOP IMPLART project aims to develop the first proton linear accelerator for cancer radiotherapy. A 150MeV proton LINAC is under construction at the ENEA Frascati research center: currently the machine is composed by a 7MeV injector operating at 425MHz and four 3GHz SCDTL modules producing a proton beam of 35MeV. Operational procedures for irradiation of samples need careful measurements of average beam current, transverse distribution and pulse charge by different monitor types placed along the beam line. The injected current in the high frequency segment of the accelerator is measured by a Fast Current Transformer (FCT) at the entrance of the SCDTL modules and the pulsed current of the accelerated beam is measured by a second FCT, placed in air, at the exit. The output proton beam shape and intensity are measured by an integral ionization chamber, a double (XY) multistrip ionization chamber, a synthetic single crystal diamond detector and a Faraday cup. In this work, the results of these multiple diagnostic tools applied to different operating conditions of the machine are presented.

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THPVA094

Permanent Halbach Magnet Proton and Superconducting Carbon Cancer Therapy Gantries

4679

D. Trbojevic, S.J. Brooks, B. Parker, N. Tsoupas
BNL, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA
W. Lou
Cornell University (CLASSE), Cornell Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences and Education, Ithaca, New York, USA

Funding: Work supported by Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 with the U.S. Department of Energy.
Hadron cancer therapy facilities are expanding exponentially as advantages with respect to other radiation treatments are localized energy deposition at the tumor and reduction of side effects. The main problem of expansion is the high cost and large size of the facility. The largest cost is the delivery systems, especially isocentric gantries. We present first, the permanent Halbach gantry with significant reduction in cost and simplified operation as all treatment energies are transported from an accelerator to the patient through the same Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) structure. The superconducting FFAG gantry also transports at one setting all energies required for the cancer treatment of the patient with carbon ions.

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THPVA096

Development of 11C+ Ion Source for Reacceleration With HIMAC for Real-Time Observation of Dose Distribution

4686

A. Noda, S. Hojo, K. Katagiri, K. Noda, T. Shirai, A. Sugiura, K. Suzuki, T. Wakui
NIRS, Chiba-shi, Japan
M. Grieser
MPI-K, Heidelberg, Germany
M. Nakao
RCNP, Osaka, Japan

In order to improve the precision of dose distribution in a patient's body in the case of carbon therapy, realtime measurement of the dose distribution with the use of the so called OPEN PET is desirable. For realization of such a treatment, usage of isotope separator online scheme based on target fragment might be inevitable to keep the needed S/N ratio. From the above requirement, we have been developing 1+ ion source of positron emitting 11C+ ions*, which will be charge breeded before injection into the injector LINAC of the HIMAC. 11C+ ion is to be produced by a high intensity proton beam from a cyclotron. In the real process, a small cyclotron like HM20 might provide the proton beam, but at the development stage, we are planning investigation utilizing proton beam from the AVF cyclotron existing at NIRS with K-number of 110. In the present paper, the total scheme of radioactive ion re-acceleration will be described together with the recent ion source development.
* K. Katagiri et al., Review of Scientific Instruments 87, 02B509 (2016)

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THPVA101

Scanning Irradiation System at SAGA-HIMAT

4698

M. Kanazawa, M. Endo, T. Himukai, M. Kitamura, M. Mizota, A. Nakagawara, H. Sato, Y. Shioyama, T. Totoki, Y. Tsunashima
SAGA HIMAT, Saga, Japan

In SAGA-HIMAT, 620 patients have been treated by use of two irradiation rooms in 2015 financial year, where passive irradiation method is adopted. To increase treatment capacity of our facility, we have started the construction of the third treatment room at the beginning of 2014 with a scanning irradiation system. In the new treatment room (room C), there are horizontal and vertical irradiation courses. This construction was required to carry out without interruptions on the treatments in room A and room B. At the end of 2016 financial year, the system tests are almost scheduled to be ready for treatment. In this presentation, we will give obtained performances of our scanning system.

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THPVA103

Design of Injector for Carbon Cancer Therapy

4704

A. Yamaguchi, K. Nakayama, K. Okaya, K. Sato, T. Takeuchi, J. Watanabe
Toshiba, Yokohama, Japan
N. Hayashizaki
RLNR, Tokyo, Japan

An Injector which consisted of a Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) and Drift Tube Linacs (DTLs) were designed for carbon cancer therapy system. An extraction energy of RFQ was 0.6 MeV/u, an extraction energy of DTLs was 4 MeV/u, frequency is 200MHz. To apply a compact solid-state power amplifier system, we designed one high-Q RFQ and two high-Q DTLs which had a triplet Quadrupole magnet between DTLs.

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THPVA105

A Novel Side Coupling Standing-Wave Accelerating Structure for a Medical Linac

4710

Zh. X. Tang, Z.H. Bai, Y.J. Pei
USTC/NSRL, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China

A novel side coupling standing-wave (SW) accelerat-ing tube for low energy medical linac has been designed that operating frequency is 2998 MHz, operating mode is ', final energy is 6 MeV and beam current is 130 mA. A novel bridge hole between an accelerating cavity and coupling cavity has been utilized to reduce the mutual effect between two cavities and improve the anti-jamming capability and the long term stability. The inner end plate of the inlet of the first accelerating cavity in-cludes the nose cone to realize self-focusing in transverse to improve the beam quality. The simulation of the elec-tromagnetic field of structure and beam dynamic has been carried out with the SUPERFISH, CST Microwave studio and Parmela, respectively.

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THPVA109

Design and Fuild-Solid-Heat Coupling Analysis of an Electrostatic Deflector for Hust SCC250 Proton Therapy Facility

4713

S. Hu, K. Fan, L.X.F. Li, Z.Y. Mei, Z.J. Zeng, L.G. Zhang
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China

The study of proton therapy equipment has earned more and more attention in recent years in China. A superconducting cyclotron based proton therapy facility is being developed for/at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). The proton beam is extracted by means of electrostatic deflectors followed by a series of magnetic channels. This paper introduces the design of an electrostatic deflector, including the structure optimization and the material selections. In order to minimize the risk of destruction caused by the proton beam loss, fluid-solid-heat coupling analysis for the deflector has been conducted by applying computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on ANSYS 16.0 software. The maximum temperatures of the septum in various cases of cooling water speed, septum thickness and material have been investigated respectively. The result based on thermal analysis will give us a valuable reference to choose a suitable configuration for the deflector.

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THPVA111

Central Region Design for a Superconducting Cyclotron in the HUST Proton Therapy Facility

4716

SUSPSIK116

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Z.Y. Mei, K. Fan, S. Hu, L.X.F. Li, Z.J. Zeng, L.G. Zhang
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China

A 250 MeV isochronous superconducting cyclotron was adopted in the HUST proton therapy facility. Since the proton beam quality is often limited by the parameters of the central region, special care is given to the design and optimization of the central region to obtain a qualified proton beam using for treatment. An internal proton PIG source with constant arc current is adopted to meet the stability requirements of the beam. Furthermore, a puller followed by an adjustable slit and a fixed vertical collimator are installed to maintain a good centering and vertical focusing beam with maximum intensity. In order to meet the requirement of the intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT), a vertical kicker is used just followed the puller. The central region structure is optimized iteratively with the simulation results of the OPERA3D and the CYCLONE code. An optimum central region structure has been obtained with RF phase acceptance is around 24°. This paper presents the design parameters of the central region and the results of the proton beam simulation.

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THPVA112

Progress of the Beamline and Energy Selection System for HUST Proton Therapy Facility

4719

B. Qin, Q.S. Chen, K. Fan, M. Fan, X.Y. Fang, D. Li, Z.K. Liang, K.F. Liu, X. Liu, P. Tan, J. Yang
HUST, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
W. Chen
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology,, Hubei, People's Republic of China

Funding: Work supported by The National Key Research and Development Program of China, with grant No. 2016YFC0105305
HUST proton therapy facility is a 5 years National Key Research and Development Program of China. This facil-ity is based on an isochronous superconducting cyclotron with two gantry treatment-rooms and one fixed beamline treatment station. The status for physical and technical design of the beamline and Energy Selection System (ESS) will be introduced in this paper.

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THPVA120

Present Status of the SC202 Superconducting Cyclotron Project

4730

G.A. Karamysheva, S. Gurskiy, O. Karamyshev, G. Kazakova, N.A. Morozov, D.V. Popov, E.V. Samsonov, G. Shirkov, S.G. Shirkov, G.V. Trubnikov
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
Y.F. Bi, G. Chen, Y. Chen, K.Z. Ding, H. Feng, J. Li, Y. Song, Y.H. Xie, Q. Yang, J. Zheng
ASIPP, Hefei, People's Republic of China
V. Malinin
JINR/DLNP, Dubna, Moscow region, Russia

In 2015 the joint project with ASIPP (Hefei, China) on design and construction of superconducting proton cyclotron SC202 was started. Two copies of SC202 shall be produced, according to the Collaboration Agreement between JINR and ASIPP. One will be used for proton therapy in Hefei and the second one will be used to replace the Phasotron in the research and treatment program on proton therapy at JINR. Recent status of the SC202 superconducting cyclotron for hadron therapy design and manufacture is presented.

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THPVA121

Focusing and Bunching of Ion Beam in Axial Injection Channel of IPHC Cyclotron TR24

4733

N.Yu. Kazarinov, I.A. Ivanenko
JINR, Dubna, Moscow Region, Russia
T. Adam, F.R. Osswald, E.K. Traykov
IPHC, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France

The CYRCé cyclotron (CYclotron pour la ReCherche et l'Enseignement) is used at IPHC (Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien) for the production of radio-isotopes for diagnostics, medical treatments and fundamental research in radiobiology. The TR24 cyclotron produced and commercialized by ACSI (Canada) delivers a 16-25 MeV proton beam with intensity from few nA up to 500 mcA. The solenoidal focusing instead of existing quadrupole one is proposed in this report. The changing of the focusing elements will give the better beam matching with the acceptance of the spiral inflector of the cyclotron. The parameters of the focusing solenoid is found. Additionally, the main parameters of the bunching system are evaluated in the presence of the beam space charge. This system consists of the buncher installed in the axial injection beam line of the cyclotron. The using of the greedless multi harmonic buncher may increase the accelerated beam current and will give the opportunity to a new proton beam applications.

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THPVA123

Neutron Doses Due to Beam Losses in a Novel Concept of a Proton Therapy Gantry

4736

V. Talanov, D.C. Kiselev, D. Meer, V. Rizzoglio, J.M. Schippers, M. Seidel, M. Wohlmuther
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

A novel design of a gantry for proton therapy is investigated in which a degrader and emittance limiting collimators are mounted on the gantry. Due to the interactions of protons in these components there will be an additional neutron dose at the location where a patient is positioned during a proton therapy. The results of numerical study of this additional dose are presented. Neutron prompt dose at the patient position is estimated through the Monte Carlo simulation using the MCNPX 2.7.0 particle transport code. Secondary neutron and photon fluxes from the distinct beam loss points are taken into consideration and the resulting dose is calculated using realistic estimates of beam losses. The dependence of the dose on the beam energy and individual impacts of each loss point on the total dose at the patient position as well as on critical beam line components are estimated and potential design constraints are discussed. It has been found that compared with a conventional gantry the expected additional dose is higher but the optimization of the beam line configuration and additional shielding shall help to reduce the dose to an acceptable value.

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THPVA124

Simulations and Measurements of Proton Beam Energy Spectrum After Energy Degradation

4740

A. Gerbershagen, A. Adelmann, R. Dölling, D. Meer, V. Rizzoglio, J.M. Schippers
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

At the proton therapy facility PROSCAN of the Paul Scherrer Institute the energy modulation of the cyclotron generated proton beam is performed via material insertion into the beam trajectory. The energy spectrum of the particles propagating forwards after such procedure has been simulated and measured. The current paper summarizes the results of these simulations and measurements and illustrates their significance for the future developments of a gantry for proton therapy at the Paul Scherrer Institute.

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THPVA125

Status of Commissioning of Gantry 3 at the PSI PROSCAN Facility

4744

A. Koschik, J.P. Duppich, M. Eichin, P. Fernandez Carmona, A. Gerbershagen, A.L. Lomax, D. Meer, S. Safai, J.M. Schippers, D.C. Weber
PSI, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Paul Scherrer Institute currently extends its PROSCAN facility with a third gantry treatment room - Gantry 3, which is realized in a research collaboration with Varian Medical Systems. The main research goals at the PROSCAN facility include further development of precise spot scanning and optimized beam delivery with low dead-time for treatment of moving targets. Consequently Gantry 3 is designed to feature advanced pencil beam scanning technology with a large scan field size of 30x40cm, integrated cone beam CT functionality and will in the future allow fast energy layer switching. The main challenge in realizing Gantry 3 is the integration of the Varian Gantry into the existing PROSCAN control system environment, allowing seamless beam operation. Installation of the additional treatment room has started in summer 2015 followed by the integration and technical commissioning phases of the Gantry in 2016, all during full operation of the existing treatment areas at our facility. We report about the special challenges and achieved performance results during commissioning of the Varian Gantry system in combination with the PSI PROSCAN facility.

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THPVA130

Modelling PET Radionuclides Production in Tissue and External Targets Using Geant4

4757

SUSPSIK117

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

A. Amin, R.J. Barlow
IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
C.M. Hoehr, C. Lindsay
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
A. Infantino
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The Proton Therapy Facility in TRIUMF provides 74 MeV protons extracted from a 500 MeV H⁻ cyclotron for ocular melanoma treatments. During treatment, positron emitting radionuclides such as C-11, O-15 and N-13 are produced in patient tissue. Using PET scanners, the isotopic activity distribution can be measured for in-vivo range verification. A second cyclotron, the TR13, provides 13 MeV protons onto liquid targets for the production of PET radionuclides such as F-18, N-13 or Ga-68, for medical applications. The aim of this work was to validate Geant4 against FLUKA and experimental measurements for production of the above-mentioned isotopes using the two cyclotrons. The results show variable degrees of agreement. For proton therapy, the proton-range agreement was within 2 mm for C-11 activity, whereas N-13 disagreed. For liquid targets at the TR13 the average absolute deviation ratio between FLUKA and experiment was 1.9±2.8, whereas the average absolute deviation ratio between Geant4 and experiment was 0.6±0.4. This is due to the uncertainties present in experimentally determined reaction cross sections.

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THPVA131

Biological Effectiveness of Proton and Ion Beam Therapy: Studies Using G4-DNA

4761

R.J. Barlow
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
P. Thongjerm
IIAA, Huddersfield, United Kingdom

We have used the Geant4-DNA program to investigate on a radiobiological level the interaction of various types of particles within cells, to identify relationships between irradiation and damage to DNA, leading to cell death. Although the physical attributes of particle therapy clearly hold a benefit over conventional radiotherapy, the biological effects hold uncertainties, and modelling the way particles interact with tissue on a cellular level can reduce these. The understanding of the energy deposition pattern along the particle track and consequent probabilities of producing DNA cluster breaks enables us to predict the effects of a particle beam on a microscopic level, which can aid treatment planning.

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THPVA132

A Study of Potential Accelerator Production of Radioisotopes for Both Diagnostics and Therapy

4765

N. Ratcliffe, T.R. Edgecock
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom

There is currently much interest in accelerator based replacements for radioisotope production. The primary focus is the use of compact low energy (<30MeV) proton accelerators that can provide local on-site production of short lived isotopes and as a replacement for the current reactor production of important isotopes such as Ga-68. As part of a study into the viability of this production method this work undertakes a benchmarking study the GEANT4 code using the new low energy data-driven physics list QGSP_BIC_AllHP for the production of significant diagnostic and therapy isotopes such as F-18 and Ga-68. results from these simulations will be compared to experimental cross-sections and other codes to determine reliability before being used to further asses the activity producible using these reactions.

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THPVA133

HEATHER - HElium Ion Accelerator for RadioTHERapy

4768

J. Taylor, T.R. Edgecock
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
S. Green
University Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
C. Johnstone
Fermilab, Batavia, Illinois, USA

A non-scaling fixed field alternating gradient (nsFFAG) accelerator is being designed for helium ion therapy. This facility will consist of 2 superconducting rings, treating with helium ions (He²⁺ ) and image with hydrogen ions (H + 2 ). Currently only carbon ions are used to treat cancer, yet there is an increasing interest in the use of lighter ions for therapy. Lighter ions have reduced dose tail beyond the tumour compared to carbon, caused by low Z secondary particles produced via inelastic nuclear reactions. An FFAG approach for helium therapy has never been previously considered. Having demonstrated isochronous acceleration from 0.5 MeV to 900 MeV, we now demonstrate the survival of a realistic beam across both stages.

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THPVA134

Coupled Longitudinal and Transverse Beam Dynamics Studies for Hadron Therapy Linacs

4772

R. Apsimon, G. Burt, S. Pitman
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
A.F. Green, H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

Precise proton therapy planning can be assisted by augmenting conventional medical imaging techniques with proton computed tomography (pCT). For adults this requires an incident proton energy up to at least 330 MeV, an energy not readily accessible using cyclotrons. We are presently constructing a prototype of the ProBE 54 MV/m 3GHz post-cyclotron booster linac as a compact method to achieve 330 MeV in the context of the Christie Hospital proton therapy centre, to be tested in the research room there. In this paper, we present beam dynamics studies and tracking simulations of proton beams through the booster region. The longitudinal and transverse particle transmission is calculated from tracking simulations and compared to theoretical models to help understand how best to optimise the optics design through the ProBE region.

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THPVA135

ProBE: Proton Boosting Extension for Imaging and Therapy

4776

S. Pitman, R. Apsimon, G. Burt
Cockcroft Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
A.F. Green, H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
A. Grudiev, A. Solodko, W. Wuensch
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

Funding: This work was funded by STFC
The ProBE linac aims at accelerating protons from a particle therapy cyclotron to the c.330 MeV required for proton tomography. To obtain the c. 55 MV/m gradients required to achieve 100 MeV gain in a suitably short distance, we propose the use of a high-gradient S-band side-coupled standing-wave structure. In this paper we discuss the progress toward the testing of the prototype at the S-box facility at CERN.

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THPVA136

Non-Invasive Online Beam Monitor Using LHCb VELO

4780

R. Schnuerer
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
C.P. Welsch, S.L. Yap, H.D. Zhang
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk'odowska-Curie grant agreement No 675265
Online beam monitoring is essential for ion beam therapy to assure effective delivery of the beam and maintain patient safety for cancer treatment. One candidate for such a monitoring device is the LHCb Vertex Locator (VELO) detector. It is a position sensitive silicon detector with an advantageous semi-circular design which enables approaching the core of the beam without interfering with it. In this contribution, tests using an infrared laser to calibrate the detector and obtain information about its dynamic range, spatial and time resolution will be discussed. Initial results from using the detector at the 60 MeV proton therapy beamline at the Clatterbridge Cancer Centre (CCC), UK are also presented.

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THPVA137

A Monte Carlo Approach to Imaging and Dose Simulations in Realistic Phantoms Using Compact X-Ray Source

4783

E. Skordis, C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
E. Skordis, V. Vlachoudis
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

X-ray emitters are amongst the most widely used tools in medicine. Based on compact electron beams, they are utilised for a range of applications, including medical imaging and cancer treatment. The optimisation of a specific X-ray source relies on detailed simulation studies into the achievable resolution and intensity distribution. Monte Carlo (MC) codes are widely used in the medical community for dose estimation to patients and the environment. They are also ideally suited for simulating 3D intensity distributions in realistic environments. This demands accurate and reliable physical models capable of handling all components of the expected radiation field. In this paper the capabilities of the FLUKA MC code to simulate complex X-ray sources are presented. Advanced phantoms, based on imported DICOM format, are used to evaluate the dose to relevant areas, including the patient, individual organs and the treatment room. It is also shown how they can provide a good basis to reproduce radiography images by scoring photon fluencies.

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THPVA138

Optimization of Medical Accelerators within the OMA Project

4787

C.P. Welsch
The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
C.P. Welsch
Cockcroft Institute, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom

Funding: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement No 675265.
Although significant progress has been made in the use of particle beams for cancer treatment, an extensive research and development program is still needed to maximize the healthcare benefits from these therapies. The Optimization of Medical Accelerators (OMA) is the aim of a new European Network. OMA joins universities, research centers and clinical facilities with industry partners to address the challenges in treatment facility design and optimization, numerical simulations for the development of advanced treatment schemes, and in beam imaging and treatment monitoring. This contribution gives an overview of the 15 R&D projects that are covered within the project and reports on initial results.

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THPVA139

Relative Insensitivity to Inhomogeneities on Very High Energy Electron Dose Distributions

4791

A. Lagzda, R.M. Jones
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom
D. Angal-Kalinin, J.K. Jones
STFC/DL/ASTeC, Daresbury, Warrington, Cheshire, United Kingdom
K. Kirkby
The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom

Funding: Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom Cockroft Institute, United Kingdom Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
We investigated the effects of heterogeneous regions on dose deposition of very high-energy electrons (VHEE) using both Geant4 simulations and experiments performed at the CALIFES facility at CERN. Small air and acetal plastic (bone equivalent) cavities were embedded in a water phantom and irradiated with a 197 MeV electron beam. Experimentally determined transverse dose profiles were acquired using radiation sensitive EBT3 Gafchromic films embedded in the water phantom at various depths. EBT3 Gafchromic films were found to be a suitable dosimeter for relative dose dosimetry of VHEE beams. Simulated and measured results were found to be consistent with each other and the largest discrepancy was found to be no more than 5%. Dose profiles of VHEE beams were found to be relatively insensitive to embedded high and low density geometries.

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THPVA140

Superconducting Gantry Design for Proton Tomography

4795

E. Oponowicz, H.L. Owen
UMAN, Manchester, United Kingdom

Precise proton therapy planning can be assisted by augmenting conventional medical imaging techniques with proton computed tomography (pCT). For adults this requires an incident proton energy up to around 330 MeV, requiring superconducting magnets if an imaging gantry is to replace a conventional 230-250 MeV gantry in the same space. Here we present optics considerations for a superconducting gantry to deliver 330 MeV protons within the context of the future Christie Hospital proton therapy centre, where it is proposed to increase the proton energy in the future with a booster linac.

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FRXBA1

Compact and Efficient Accelerators for Radioisotope Production

4824

C. Oliver
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain

The production in an efficient way of radioisotopes for medical use is crucial. With the closing in the next ten years of nuclear reactors the problem of the production of some of them is being critical. New approaches of producing these radioisotopes via accelerators are being developed. In the other hand a big effort is being made for making the accelerators for the production of radioisotopes more compact, efficient and with an optimized cost. This paper describes the recent advances in this kind of accelerator techniques.

Slides FRXBA1 [2.797 MB]

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