IPAC2017 - Classification: 06 Beam Instrumentation, Controls, Feedback and Operational Aspects / T22 Reliability, Operability

Paper	Title	Page
TUPAB007	Analysis of the Dependability of the LHC Quench Detection System During LHC Run 2 and Further System Evolution	1311
	T. Podzorny, D.O. Calcoen, R. Denz, A.P. Siemko, J. Spasic, J. Steckert CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The quench detection system (QDS) of the LHC superconducting circuits is an essential part of the LHC machine protection and ensures the integrity of key elements of the accelerator. The large amount of hardwired and software interlock channels of the QDS requires a very high system dependability in order to reduce the risk of affecting the successful operation of the LHC. This contribution will present methods and tools for systematic fault tracking and analysis, and will discuss recent results obtained during the LHC production run in 2016. Measures for maintaining and further improving of the system performance will be explained. An overview of the further evolution of the LHC QDS also in view of the upcoming High Luminosity Upgrade of the LHC will be given.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPAB007
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TUPIK047	FAIR Control Centre (FCC) - Concepts and Interim Options for the Existing GSI Main Control Room	1791
	M. Vossberg, K. Berkl, S. Reimann, P. Schütt, R.J. Steinhagen, G. Stephan GSI, Darmstadt, Germany
	The 'Facility for Anti-Proton and Ion Research' (FAIR) which is presently under construction, extends and supersedes the existing GSI. Present operation still largely relies on laborious manual tuning based on analogue signals routed directly to the existing control room. The substantial scope increase from 3 to more than 8 FAIR accelerators requires more intricate and precise control across longer accelerator chains, while providing a high degree of multi-user operation, with facility reconfiguration required on time-scales of a few times per week. A new FAIR Control Centre (FCC) is being planned to accommodate the required larger accelerator crews as well as accelerator-based experiments. While targeting a single control room for up to ~35 people, emphasis is put on ergonomics, operational processes, and minimising unnecessary strain on personnel already during the design stage. This contribution presents digital control room concepts, console layout, and beam-production-chain paradigms aimed at achieving good operational performances and that influence the new FCC design. Prior to FCC completion, interim upgrade options of the existing control room are being investigated.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK047
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TUPIK051	Statistics on High Average Power Operation and Results from the Electron Beam Characterization at PITZ	1806
	Y. Renier, P. Boonpornprasert, J.D. Good, M. Groß, H. Huck, I.I. Isaev, D.K. Kalantaryan, M. Krasilnikov, X. Li, O. Lishilin, G. Loisch, D. Melkumyan, A. Oppelt, H.J. Qian, T. Rublack, C. Saisa-ard, F. Stephan, Q.T. Zhao DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany G. Asova INRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria M. Bousonville, S. Choroba, S. Lederer DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) develops, tests and characterizes high brightness electron sources for FLASH and European XFEL. Since these FELs work with superconducting accelerators in pulsed mode, also the corresponding normal-conducting RF gun has to operate with long RF pulses. Generating high beam quality from the photo-cathode RF gun in addition requires a high accelerating gradient at the cathode. Therefore, the RF gun has to ensure stable and reliable operation at high average RF power, e.g. 6.5 MW peak power in the gun for 650 μs RF pulse length and 10 Hz repetition rate for the European XFEL. Several RF gun setups have been operated towards these goals over the last years. The latest gun setup is in operation since March 2016 and includes RF Gun 4.6 with an improved contact spring design. The RF input distribution consists of a coaxial coupler, a T-combiner and 2 RF windows from DESY production. In this contribution we will present statistics on the high average power operation and results from the characterization of the produced electron beam.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK051
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TUPIK052	Fast Automatic Ramping of High Average Power Guns	1809
	Y. Renier DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany M.K. Grecki, O. Hensler, S. Pfeiffer DESY, Hamburg, Germany
	The electron guns at PITZ, FLASH and European XFEL are standing wave structures which operate at high average power (>40 kW) to produce long trains of high quality beams. This amount of power heats the cavity surface enough to change signi'cantly the gun resonance frequency. As consequence, to keep the re'ection low, the RF power ramp must be enough slow to permit the water cooling system to keep the gun temperature close to the set-point. Also, as the temperature probe sits close to the surface of the iris, the required gun temperature set-point to maintain the gun on resonance is a function of the average power. The RF power ramping is a difficult process in which temperature and re'ection must be monitored to adjust accordingly the temperature set-point and the ramping speed of the RF power. An automatic software to adjust the RF frequency and the temperature set-point of the PITZ gun in parallel to the RF power ramping has been developed. The use of this software has signi'cantly reduced the time spent to start up the gun or to recover from interlocks, increasing the time spent at nominal parameters which would also be very important for user facilities.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK052
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TUPIK060	Human Factors in the Design of Control-Rooms for ESS	1830
	P. Le Darz, S.G. Collier, M. Rosenqvist IFE, Halden, Norway
	Funding: The Research Council of Norway [ForskningsrÃ¥det] Norway contributes in kind to the building of ESS. Part of this work concerns the human factors aspects of the control-rooms for the operators of the machine. IFE is applying international standards on human factors (e.g., ISO 11064) to the design of the main control-room (MCR) and a local control-room (LCR). The work is also intended to satisfy regulatory requirements. So far, for the MCR, we have completed a concept design. User requirements clarification involved interviews with stakeholders and visits to similar facilities. Concept design for the MCR was iterative and involved a user reference-group set up for the project. During several workshops, alternatives for layout and workstations were discussed and modeled using 3D graphics. The chosen concept design and 3D model were then checked against standards. The resulting design was approved by the user-group and now goes forward to detailed design and realization. We have also completed detailed design of the LCR so that it is available for commissioning before the MCR is built. IFE also contributes to the human-machine interface design in other projects, such as for alarm system design and a logbook software application.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK060
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TUPIK068	Parameters Calibration and Compensation-Rematch of Failure Cavities in CADS Injector	1852
SUSPSIK085	use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code
	Y.Z. Jia, W.L. Chen, W.P. Dou, P.H. Gao, H. Jia, S.H. Liu, Y.S. Qin, C. Wang, W.S. Wang, Z.J. Wang IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
	Now when a failure on the China Accelerator Driven System (CADS) is detected, the beam will be stopped by the machine protection system (MPS) immediately. But because of the demand of the beam trip (more than 5 min) rate which should be less than 50 times per year [1], it is important to avoid cutting beam down or recover the beam in a short time. The compensation and rematch is of great importance. If the failure is on a cavity, the other cavities should retune to compensate the beam energy, position and phase in order to recover the beam in short time depending on the time of online calculation.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK068
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TUPIK100	Methodology Applied for Dependability Studies on the Compact Linear Collider	1943
	O. Rey Orozko, A. Apollonio, M. Jonker CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
	The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) scheme presents several challenges in terms of reliability and availability. The goal of the study is to demonstrate the requirements for availability and reliability by identifying the key factors on failure effects and analysing possible operational scenarios and designs. Hence, a good knowledge on CLIC system structures, failure modes and failure effects is needed. This paper reports about the set-up of the studies from the definition of the CLIC failure catalogue to the implementation of the models and analysis of the results. It will present in detail the steps that need to be followed when performing such a study. Finally, the CLIC Drive Beam Quadrupoles powering system will be presented as a use-case.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK100
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TUPIK109	Accelerators and Their Ghosts	1975
	M. Reščič, R. Seviour University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom W. Blokland ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
	The issue of particle accelerator reliability is a problem that currently is not fully defined, understood nor addressed. Conventional approaches to reliability (e.g. RBDs) struggle due to a lack of data about specific component/system reliability and failure. There is a large body of beam current data retrievable from operating accelerators that contains detailed information about the accelerator behaviour, both before and after a machine trip has occurred. Analysing this data could provide insight and help develop a new approach to address accelerator reliability. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach to detecting emergent behaviour in particle accelerators. Instead of attempting to identify every possible failure of a machine we propose an alternative approach based around a change in perspective, to knowing the normal default operational behaviour of a machine. Taking action when a ghost in the machine emerges that causes accelerator wide aberrant changes to normal machine behaviour.
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK109
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THOAA2	Research on Compensation of Superconducting Cavity Failures in C-ADS Injector-I	3635
	J.P. Dai, C. Meng, Y. Shao, Z. Xue, F. Yan IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China
	Funding: Work supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (11575216) For the proton accelerators such as the China Accelerator Driven subcritical System(C-ADS), it is essential and difficult to achieve extremely high performance reliability requirement. In order to achieve this performance reliability requirement, in addition to hardware improvement, a failure tolerant design is mandatory. A compensation mechanism to cope with hardware failure, mainly RF failures of superconducting cavities, will be in place in order to maintain the high uptime, short recovery time and extremely low frequency of beam loss. This paper proposes an innovative and challenging way for compensation and rematch of cavity failure with the hardware implementation of the scheme using fast electronic devices and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). A method combined building an equivalent model for the FPGA with an improved genetic algorithm has been developed. Results based on the model and algorithm are compared with TRACEWIN simulation to show the precision and correctness of the mechanism.
	Slides THOAA2 [2.414 MB]
DOI •	reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THOAA2
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Paper

Title

Page

Analysis of the Dependability of the LHC Quench Detection System During LHC Run 2 and Further System Evolution

1311

T. Podzorny, D.O. Calcoen, R. Denz, A.P. Siemko, J. Spasic, J. Steckert
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The quench detection system (QDS) of the LHC superconducting circuits is an essential part of the LHC machine protection and ensures the integrity of key elements of the accelerator. The large amount of hardwired and software interlock channels of the QDS requires a very high system dependability in order to reduce the risk of affecting the successful operation of the LHC. This contribution will present methods and tools for systematic fault tracking and analysis, and will discuss recent results obtained during the LHC production run in 2016. Measures for maintaining and further improving of the system performance will be explained. An overview of the further evolution of the LHC QDS also in view of the upcoming High Luminosity Upgrade of the LHC will be given.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPAB007

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TUPIK047

FAIR Control Centre (FCC) - Concepts and Interim Options for the Existing GSI Main Control Room

1791

M. Vossberg, K. Berkl, S. Reimann, P. Schütt, R.J. Steinhagen, G. Stephan
GSI, Darmstadt, Germany

The 'Facility for Anti-Proton and Ion Research' (FAIR) which is presently under construction, extends and supersedes the existing GSI. Present operation still largely relies on laborious manual tuning based on analogue signals routed directly to the existing control room. The substantial scope increase from 3 to more than 8 FAIR accelerators requires more intricate and precise control across longer accelerator chains, while providing a high degree of multi-user operation, with facility reconfiguration required on time-scales of a few times per week. A new FAIR Control Centre (FCC) is being planned to accommodate the required larger accelerator crews as well as accelerator-based experiments. While targeting a single control room for up to ~35 people, emphasis is put on ergonomics, operational processes, and minimising unnecessary strain on personnel already during the design stage. This contribution presents digital control room concepts, console layout, and beam-production-chain paradigms aimed at achieving good operational performances and that influence the new FCC design. Prior to FCC completion, interim upgrade options of the existing control room are being investigated.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK047

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TUPIK051

Statistics on High Average Power Operation and Results from the Electron Beam Characterization at PITZ

1806

Y. Renier, P. Boonpornprasert, J.D. Good, M. Groß, H. Huck, I.I. Isaev, D.K. Kalantaryan, M. Krasilnikov, X. Li, O. Lishilin, G. Loisch, D. Melkumyan, A. Oppelt, H.J. Qian, T. Rublack, C. Saisa-ard, F. Stephan, Q.T. Zhao
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
G. Asova
INRNE, Sofia, Bulgaria
M. Bousonville, S. Choroba, S. Lederer
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The Photo Injector Test Facility at DESY in Zeuthen (PITZ) develops, tests and characterizes high brightness electron sources for FLASH and European XFEL. Since these FELs work with superconducting accelerators in pulsed mode, also the corresponding normal-conducting RF gun has to operate with long RF pulses. Generating high beam quality from the photo-cathode RF gun in addition requires a high accelerating gradient at the cathode. Therefore, the RF gun has to ensure stable and reliable operation at high average RF power, e.g. 6.5 MW peak power in the gun for 650 μs RF pulse length and 10 Hz repetition rate for the European XFEL. Several RF gun setups have been operated towards these goals over the last years. The latest gun setup is in operation since March 2016 and includes RF Gun 4.6 with an improved contact spring design. The RF input distribution consists of a coaxial coupler, a T-combiner and 2 RF windows from DESY production. In this contribution we will present statistics on the high average power operation and results from the characterization of the produced electron beam.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK051

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPIK052

Fast Automatic Ramping of High Average Power Guns

1809

Y. Renier
DESY Zeuthen, Zeuthen, Germany
M.K. Grecki, O. Hensler, S. Pfeiffer
DESY, Hamburg, Germany

The electron guns at PITZ, FLASH and European XFEL are standing wave structures which operate at high average power (>40 kW) to produce long trains of high quality beams. This amount of power heats the cavity surface enough to change signi'cantly the gun resonance frequency. As consequence, to keep the re'ection low, the RF power ramp must be enough slow to permit the water cooling system to keep the gun temperature close to the set-point. Also, as the temperature probe sits close to the surface of the iris, the required gun temperature set-point to maintain the gun on resonance is a function of the average power. The RF power ramping is a difficult process in which temperature and re'ection must be monitored to adjust accordingly the temperature set-point and the ramping speed of the RF power. An automatic software to adjust the RF frequency and the temperature set-point of the PITZ gun in parallel to the RF power ramping has been developed. The use of this software has signi'cantly reduced the time spent to start up the gun or to recover from interlocks, increasing the time spent at nominal parameters which would also be very important for user facilities.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK052

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TUPIK060

Human Factors in the Design of Control-Rooms for ESS

1830

P. Le Darz, S.G. Collier, M. Rosenqvist
IFE, Halden, Norway

Funding: The Research Council of Norway [ForskningsrÃ¥det]
Norway contributes in kind to the building of ESS. Part of this work concerns the human factors aspects of the control-rooms for the operators of the machine. IFE is applying international standards on human factors (e.g., ISO 11064) to the design of the main control-room (MCR) and a local control-room (LCR). The work is also intended to satisfy regulatory requirements. So far, for the MCR, we have completed a concept design. User requirements clarification involved interviews with stakeholders and visits to similar facilities. Concept design for the MCR was iterative and involved a user reference-group set up for the project. During several workshops, alternatives for layout and workstations were discussed and modeled using 3D graphics. The chosen concept design and 3D model were then checked against standards. The resulting design was approved by the user-group and now goes forward to detailed design and realization. We have also completed detailed design of the LCR so that it is available for commissioning before the MCR is built. IFE also contributes to the human-machine interface design in other projects, such as for alarm system design and a logbook software application.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK060

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TUPIK068

Parameters Calibration and Compensation-Rematch of Failure Cavities in CADS Injector

1852

SUSPSIK085

use link to see paper's listing under its alternate paper code

Y.Z. Jia, W.L. Chen, W.P. Dou, P.H. Gao, H. Jia, S.H. Liu, Y.S. Qin, C. Wang, W.S. Wang, Z.J. Wang
IMP/CAS, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China

Now when a failure on the China Accelerator Driven System (CADS) is detected, the beam will be stopped by the machine protection system (MPS) immediately. But because of the demand of the beam trip (more than 5 min) rate which should be less than 50 times per year [1], it is important to avoid cutting beam down or recover the beam in a short time. The compensation and rematch is of great importance. If the failure is on a cavity, the other cavities should retune to compensate the beam energy, position and phase in order to recover the beam in short time depending on the time of online calculation.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK068

Export •

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TUPIK100

Methodology Applied for Dependability Studies on the Compact Linear Collider

1943

O. Rey Orozko, A. Apollonio, M. Jonker
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland

The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) scheme presents several challenges in terms of reliability and availability. The goal of the study is to demonstrate the requirements for availability and reliability by identifying the key factors on failure effects and analysing possible operational scenarios and designs. Hence, a good knowledge on CLIC system structures, failure modes and failure effects is needed. This paper reports about the set-up of the studies from the definition of the CLIC failure catalogue to the implementation of the models and analysis of the results. It will present in detail the steps that need to be followed when performing such a study. Finally, the CLIC Drive Beam Quadrupoles powering system will be presented as a use-case.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK100

Export •

reference for this paper using ※ BibTeX, ※ LaTeX, ※ Text/Word, ※ RIS, ※ EndNote (xml)

TUPIK109

Accelerators and Their Ghosts

1975

M. Reščič, R. Seviour
University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
W. Blokland
ORNL, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA

The issue of particle accelerator reliability is a problem that currently is not fully defined, understood nor addressed. Conventional approaches to reliability (e.g. RBDs) struggle due to a lack of data about specific component/system reliability and failure. There is a large body of beam current data retrievable from operating accelerators that contains detailed information about the accelerator behaviour, both before and after a machine trip has occurred. Analysing this data could provide insight and help develop a new approach to address accelerator reliability. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach to detecting emergent behaviour in particle accelerators. Instead of attempting to identify every possible failure of a machine we propose an alternative approach based around a change in perspective, to knowing the normal default operational behaviour of a machine. Taking action when a ghost in the machine emerges that causes accelerator wide aberrant changes to normal machine behaviour.

DOI •

reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-TUPIK109

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THOAA2

Research on Compensation of Superconducting Cavity Failures in C-ADS Injector-I

3635

J.P. Dai, C. Meng, Y. Shao, Z. Xue, F. Yan
IHEP, Beijing, People's Republic of China

Funding: Work supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (11575216)
For the proton accelerators such as the China Accelerator Driven subcritical System(C-ADS), it is essential and difficult to achieve extremely high performance reliability requirement. In order to achieve this performance reliability requirement, in addition to hardware improvement, a failure tolerant design is mandatory. A compensation mechanism to cope with hardware failure, mainly RF failures of superconducting cavities, will be in place in order to maintain the high uptime, short recovery time and extremely low frequency of beam loss. This paper proposes an innovative and challenging way for compensation and rematch of cavity failure with the hardware implementation of the scheme using fast electronic devices and Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). A method combined building an equivalent model for the FPGA with an improved genetic algorithm has been developed. Results based on the model and algorithm are compared with TRACEWIN simulation to show the precision and correctness of the mechanism.

Slides THOAA2 [2.414 MB]

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reference for this paper ※ https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THOAA2

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