<xml>
  <records>
    <record>
       <contributors>
          <authors>
             <author>Amin, A.</author>
             <author>Barlow, R.J.</author>
             <author>Hoehr, C.M.</author>
             <author>Infantino, A.</author>
             <author>Lindsay, C.</author>
          </authors>
       </contributors>
       <titles>
          <title>
             Modelling PET Radionuclides Production in Tissue and External Targets Using Geant4
          </title>
       </titles>
		 <publisher>JACoW</publisher>
       <pub-location>Geneva, Switzerland</pub-location>
		 <isbn>978-3-95450-182-3</isbn>
		 <electronic-resource-num>10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA130</electronic-resource-num>
		 <language>English</language>
		 <pages>4757-4760</pages>
       <pages>THPVA130</pages>
       <keywords>
       </keywords>
       <work-type>Contribution to a conference proceedings</work-type>
       <dates>
          <year>2017</year>
          <pub-dates>
             <date>2017-05</date>
          </pub-dates>
       </dates>
       <urls>
          <related-urls>
              <url>http://dx.doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-THPVA130</url>
              <url>http://jacow.org/ipac2017/papers/thpva130.pdf</url>
          </related-urls>
       </urls>
       <abstract>
          The Proton Therapy Facility in TRIUMF provides 74 MeV protons extracted from a 500 MeV H⁻ cyclotron for ocular melanoma treatments. During treatment, positron emitting radionuclides such as C-11, O-15 and N-13 are produced in patient tissue. Using PET scanners, the isotopic activity distribution can be measured for in-vivo range verification. A second cyclotron, the TR13, provides 13 MeV protons onto liquid targets for the production of PET radionuclides such as F-18, N-13 or Ga-68, for medical applications. The aim of this work was to validate Geant4 against FLUKA and experimental measurements for production of the above-mentioned isotopes using the two cyclotrons. The results show variable degrees of agreement. For proton therapy, the proton-range agreement was within 2 mm for C-11 activity, whereas N-13 disagreed. For liquid targets at the TR13 the average absolute deviation ratio between FLUKA and experiment was 1.9±2.8, whereas the average absolute deviation ratio between Geant4 and experiment was 0.6±0.4. This is due to the uncertainties present in experimentally determined reaction cross sections.
       </abstract>
    </record>
  </records>
</xml>
