High-resolution emission/absorption spectroscopy with picosecond time resolution appears to be strategic in fundamental matter physics investigation as well as in functional materials characterization. Such a method typically requires a pulsed radiation source and high energy resolution, along with a large data statistic. In this work we demonstrate the possibility to retrieve high resolution absorption and emission spectra with picosecond time resolution, by exploiting the stochastic nature of the wide-band self-amplified FEL radiation provided by FERMI. In this work we get advantage of the two spectrometers present on the TIMEX beamline to reconstruct a 2D emission/absorption spectrum of a Si sample. To do so, we applied the singular value decomposition on the single-pulse incoming and outgoing spectra; by applying Tikhonov regularization, we were able to obtain spectra with an energy resolution of few tens of meV. In addition, we performed a time resolved characterization of the Si L23-edge and Si emission line at 99.3 eV by pumping the Si sample with visible laser below damage threshold. The result of this measurement allow us to claim for a bond softening phenomenon on the picosecond time-scale.

ABSTRACT: FERMI is implementing a development plan to keep the facility in a world-leading position on the base of the requests coming from the user community and the advises from the Scientific Advisory Council and the Machine Advisory Committee. The ultimate goal of this plan consists in doubling the maximum photon energy available and in reducing the pulse duration below the characteristic lifetime of the atomic core levels in the source spectral range. An upgrade of FERMI aimed at reaching the oxygen K-edge requires a profound modification of the FEL configurations and of the main components of the machine, including the linac and the undulator lines. One of the most promising approaches for this upgrade is to implement the echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) scheme, relying on two external lasers to precisely control the spectrotemporal properties of the FEL pulse. The conversion to EEHG of the first stage of the double-stage harmonic cascade presently in use on FEL-2, would allow to reach harmonics as high as 120, enabling to generate coherent pulses down to 2 nm. The main aspects of the upgrade strategy will be discussed in this contribution.

Free-electron lasers producing ultrashort pulses with high peak power are a resource to extend ultrafast non-linear spectroscopic techniques into the extreme-ultraviolet–X-ray regime. A super radiant cascade was proposed as a method to shorten the pulse duration in seeded FEL. Pulses shorter than the typical duration supported by the FEL gain bandwidth of the FEL amplifier in the linear regime were measured at FERMI. In these conditions we also observed a strong frequency pulling phenomenon that that will be discussed in this contribution.

In order to meet the user request of extending the FERMI FEL spectral range over the whole water window, we are developing an upgrade strategy that is based on the implementation of the Echo Enabled Harmonic Generation (EEHG) scheme. The FERMI upgrade strategy is structured as follow: during a first phase, the single cascade FEL-1 branch will be adapted to operate either in EEHG or in HGHG. This upgrade can be achieved with relatively low cost and impact on FERMI operations and will improve the spectral range, spectral quality and scheme flexibility of FEL-1. Furthermore, it will provide a versatile test bench opening the possibility to explore in details the EEHG scheme potentialities and address many of the possible issues related to the second and more critical phase of the upgrade project: the upgrade of FEL-2. These two phases will proceed in parallel to the LINAC upgrade to increase the nominal energy. Solutions aiming at a peak beam energy of 1.8 and 2.0 GeV are under study. In this contribution we will focus on the upgrade of the FEL-1 branch that has already started and is foreseen to provide light to users with the new configuration by spring 2023.