<xml>
  <records>
    <record>
       <contributors>
          <authors>
             <author>Shishikura, F.</author>
             <author>Hayakawa, K.</author>
             <author>Hayakawa, Y.</author>
             <author>Inagaki, M.</author>
             <author>Komatsuzaki, Y.</author>
             <author>Nakao, K.</author>
             <author>Nogami, K.</author>
             <author>Sakai, T.</author>
             <author>Tanaka, T.</author>
          </authors>
       </contributors>
       <titles>
          <title>
             Lebra Free-Electron Laser Elicits Electrical Spikes from the Retina and Optic Nerve of the Slugs Limax Valentianus
          </title>
       </titles>
       <pages>TUP085</pages>
       <keywords>
          <keyword>FEL</keyword>
          <keyword>site</keyword>
          <keyword>experiment</keyword>
          <keyword>electron</keyword>
          <keyword>radiation</keyword>
       </keywords>
       <dates>
          <year>2015</year>
          <pub-dates>
             <date>2015-12</date>
          </pub-dates>
       </dates>
       <abstract>
          Since 2001, the Laboratory for Electron Beam Research and Application (LEBRA) has been providing tunable free-electron lasers (FELs) encompassing the near-IR region and some of the mid-IR region (0.9-6 microns), and generating visible wavelengths up to 400 nm by means of nonlinear optical crystals. We are investigating the efficiency of LEBRA-FELs for triggering photoreactions in living organisms. Last year we described the effects of LEBRA-FELs in controlling the photoreaction of lettuce seeds; red FEL (660 nm) and far-red FEL (740 nm) activate and inhibit germination, respectively. Here we used LEBRA-FEL to illuminate the retina of slugs (Limax valentianus), and determined which FEL wavelengths generate electrical spikes from the retina-optic nerve. Blue FEL light (wavelength: 470 nm) efficiently produced electrical spikes from the retina. The results are consistent with a previous study, where a xenon arc lamp with interference filters was used to produce monochromatic visible light. We plan to extend the wavelengths to the near- and mid-IR regions of LEBRA-FEL. We summarize our current results for the use of FEL in investigating the electrophysiology of the retina of slugs.
       </abstract>
    </record>
  </records>
</xml>
